FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS, METHODS, & MODES IN THE HUMANITIES Essay

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS, METHODS, & MODES IN THE HUMANITIES - Essay Example The artistic works of Giotto, Masaccio, Alberti, Leonardo, Botticelli, Michelangelo and Raphael are among the most prominent ones in the Renaissance period. The principal characteristics of Renaissance art include development of a linear perspective, shadow and light, expressions and emotions, realism and naturalism, classicism, humanism and geometrical arrangement of figures. Renaissance artists particularly emphasized on the idea of linear perspective maximizing illusionist depth and space in their works to give it a more realistic and natural look. For instance, the famous painting Flagellation of Christ by Piero della Francesca has utilized linear of perspective beautifully. They studies classical concept in sculpture including human proportion and stance to express their work with weight and fluidity. Renaissance art depicts humanism addressing a number of human values and concerns. For instance, Raphael’s School of Athens shows humanistic interpretations. Moreover, the r enaissance artists mostly rejected the use of religious and supernatural themes. They preferred to paint liberal concepts in their works. The 14th century was a time of great crisis in Europe apparently unsuitable for any sort of innovation and creativity. The appearance of plague, continuing war, and turmoil in the Catholic Church were among the major catastrophic events faced by the Europeans following the decline of Roman Empire. In such a dark age Europeans sought a cultural movement for revival. Despite these discouraging factors, the culture in Italy was surrounded by the remnants of a once glorious Roman empire capable of supporting a rebirth. Renaissance artists took advantage of the emigrating Greek scholars bringing with them classical knowledge of the Greek civilization, high proportion of merchants patronizing artists, and greater political and religious liberty for translation of their ideas into practice. The Baroque Baroque meaning the pearl of an irregular shape mark s the style of art and architecture period during the 17th and early 18th century. Like Renaissance, baroque period started in Italy which later spread to the rest of Europe and America. Baroque art successfully flourished until the advent of Neo-classical art style in the 18th century. Early Baroque art was inspired by the works of other artist such as Correggio and Caravaggio and Barocci. However, later in the 18th century, it depicted less drama and color categorized as Late Baroque art period. The most notable of the Baroque period are the works of Rubens, Caravaggio, Carracci, Cortona, Bernini, Rembrandt and Flemish. The general characteristics of the Baroque art are depicted by movement, dramatic and emotional, tension and energy, theatrical, sensual, counter-reformation, exaggerated lighting, tenebrism, naturalism, spatial values and time. Baroque artists used circular or diagonal composition to depict motion for emotional effects. According to Wolfflin (1979), the Baroque wa s the age â€Å"where the oval replaced the circle as the center of composition, that centralization replaced balance, and that coloristic and ‘painterly’ effects began to become more prominent†. Baroque works of art usually imply irregularity, strangeness and extravagance. For instance, Bernini's Cornaro Chapel in Rome is regarded as a theatrical masterpiece depicting Baroque art. As new scientific concepts were being introduced by Galileo, Pascal and

A view from a bridge work book Essay Example for Free

A view from a bridge work book Essay Dear Miss Fisher, I have finished reading a view from a bridge put notes on the power point sheets however I then looked back on it realised it was illegible! So I wrote it up here, is that ok Im sorry for the inconvenience, it wont happen again. Sorry again, Daisy 🙂 A view from the bridge. 15th September. Research tasks: Who was Arthur Miller? Find autobiographical information about the playwright. Arthur Miller, playwright from New York, became a journalist, worked with Italian immigrants during WWII. Which gave him an outlook Into the Sicilian dreams inspiration for A View From The Bridge. Millers first play flopped, but his second; All My Sons was a massive success. He divorced his first wife in 1961 married Marilyn Munroe, the reason for this is unknown as apparently they were never really in love divorced in 1963, it is thought Monroe married him for intelligence milled married Monroe for beauty, Miller then wrote a play After The Fall that is thought to be based on their relationship. Miller died in 2005. Which other plays has Arthur miller written? Do they have any common themes? After The Fall, The Prince, The Archbishops Ceiling, The Clock, Broken Glass, All My Sons, Death Of A Salesman, Crucible. A common theme of Arthur Millers play was the examining of an individual in relation to their authority; this means the plays are often considered political. Where is Brooklyn? What was it like in the 1940s? Who lived worked there? What sort of environment was it? Whats it like now? Brooklyn is a borough of New York; in the 1940s it had a large Italian population due to the ports near the bridge. Brooklyn was split in two it had the middle class areas such as Flatbush working class areas like Red Hook, the setting for A View The Bridge. In the mid to late 1940s Brooklyn was enjoying a good period the gang violence was, all though easily noticed, small. As Brooklyn reached the end of the 1940s the borough began a period of decline by the early 1950s gangsters were ripe until the 1980s it was classed as a bad place to live. People from all over Europe lived worked in Brooklyn it also had a large African-American community. Brooklyn now has a safer cleaner track record with very little gang violence a large business district the 3rd largest in New York State. Which groups of people immigrated to the United States in the 1940s? What was life like for them when they arrived? The main groups of people immigrating to the United States in the 1940s were European, particularly Italians Russians. When they first arrived life would be tough they would usually leave their homelands with nothing have to find jobs work quickly so they could live out their own American Dream. Find out as much as you can about Italian-American communities Which television programmes films include Italian-American characters? How do they talk? Is this community stereotyped? What values can you identify in this community? The most famous film on Italian-Americans would probably be Scarface a movie based on Italian-American gangster Al Capone, the Italian-American community is stereotyped as a very tight family, which it represents in gangs or mobs, the Italian-American dialect is varied through out Brooklyn, Bugs Bunny has an accent based on the Flatbush dialect. Wikipedia Italian Americans are higher in the rate degree of the tensing rising of (oh) (aeh) than that of Jewish American New Yorkers. The values of the communities of Italian Americans seem as though they all run everything as a family business, a tight knit friendship group. What is a tragedy? Find out the main features or conventions of this type of play. Make sure you go right back to Greek tragedy. A Greek tragedy is a form of art portraying human suffering causing audience pleasure this form has been modernised to usually end a play in a death where all characters end in despair, or worse off than they were at the beginning. Alfieris first speech. What have we learnt about the people who live in Red Hook? We have learnt from the opening speech from Alfieri that Red Hook was the slum of Brooklyn the gullet of New York, Red Hook is portrayed as very violent with no care for the law, but it is now ore civilised getting better, people are no longer as scared as they were, as Alfieri says: I no longer feel the need to keep a gun It shows Red Hook at one time was extremely intimidating bad but now much better. Alfieri goes onto mention how his relatives often tell him not to get involved with cases, this shows the Italian-American-tight knit-family-like-ness how his business seems to be everyones business. What does Alfieri mean when he says justice is very important here? When Alfieri says justice is very important here he is using a bit of sarcasm he is commenting on how people do feel justice is important but their own personal justice not the governments justice. How people can commit murder believing it is all right because of there own justice. However you feel a sense of irony as he is a lawyer speaking he is discussing justice that he may well deal with in court. The fact he is a lawyer also shows there is work for lawyers in Red Hook so some sort of governed justice is important. Now the people settle for half instead of using a gun for justice, what does that mean? Alfieris comment now the people settle for half is commenting on now that Red Hook has been cleaned up a bit his services a called on more although it means the person against the allegations may not be killed he will be brought to governed justice possible face prison. Eddies story is not like the petty troubles of the poor. Why might he come to see Alfieri? Eddies story is not like the petty troubles of the poor because we realise through out the book that aside from the immigrants in his house being illegal, they have actually done nothing wrong although his allegations against Rodolfo being gay are also wrong, it is not illegal to be gay. Alfieri also deals mainly in family squabbles, evictions compensation cases, but Eddies is different because its more about jealousy revenge.

Exploring Themes Of The Shawshank Redemption English Literature Essay

Exploring Themes Of The Shawshank Redemption English Literature Essay Life is a mystery for those who find it hard to live it their own way, for those who live it as if the fate has chosen it for them. That is more of a compromise rather than a choice that people make to their lives driven by the awful situations that life put on them. Few find it hard to survive, few find it hard to sail against and there are few who remain stagnant for a while busy preparing a ship all those days waiting to sail through the streams moving in the favorable direction one day leading to a way to a new life of their own choice. The movie portrays all the possible choices that someone may think of and act to implement one. No one actually could imagine what life has for him or her in the next moment. Things may be worse and even dreadful to imagine. Sometimes, we are bound to accept the thing that comes to our way. People left with no choices rather than to accept it as it comes. However, that is not the end of it. They are free to create an opportunity with their creative instinct. The lead character in the movie have actually proved it to many in there, The Shawshank Prison that in life irrespective of all awful situations, we do always have two choices either we get busy living or get busy dying. Life has several options for everyone. It is up to people to identify the options and be strong in their mind to find a way to get busy living. All that matters is the choice you make and implement your strategic moves silently and carefully to own your dream in reality. Freedom is not just the physical presence that we make in the outside world; it is as versatile in its nature as our mind or heart is. Music brings your soul to harmony as it stays in your mind as well as in your heart. Music provides you with a way to attach yourself to your soul, to listen to your mind and set yourself free inside away from all worries. The movie talks about the life in prison and the choice that prisoners do make. Few cage their minds forever in the dark of prison. It is because of the fear or most often because they lost their hope of living in real sense forever. They forget to trust their abilities or perhaps never realize that they have the potential to do different things. However, those who remain open to hope and do not let the fear of circumstances rolling over them, makes it worth out of their knowledge and cleverness. Part 2: Analysis of how the movie presents the message or theme: By creating the films solid groundwork, the carefully chiseled screenplay paved the way for this films success. Frank Darabont outdoes himself with the extraordinary adaptation of Stephen Kings equally noteworthy novella, Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption. In this novella, King demonstrates that he can break free from the genre he dominates and still produce a splendid piece of modern literature. The film mirrors the novella in many ways. While maintaining some of the poetic and touching dialogue of the novella, Darabont also proves that a films score can breed a great pact of emotional reaction from its audience, as dialogue does. The tale instigates with the trial of a young banker, Andy Dufrense, offended by incidental evidence, resulting in a conviction for the murder of his wife and her lover. After a quick conviction, Andy finds himself serving a life sentence at Shawshank prison, with no hope of promise. He exists in this prison only in outward show, keeping his mind free from the monotonous walls around him. Fear can hold you prisoner. Hope can set you free. His quite way about anything along with his professional excellence results in the gaining of respect from his fellow inmates as well as the Warden and security men, but most of all from Ellis Boyd Redding. Norten(the warden): You enjoy working in the laundry. Andy: No. Sir, not especially Norten: Perhaps you can find something more befitting a man of your education. (Andy associated Brooks in Shawshank prison library) The Shawshank Redemption. Dir. Frank Darabont. Wri. Stephen King, Prod. Niki Marvin.Columbia Pictures, 1994 Ellis, generally referred to as Red perhaps because he was an Irish, finds lucrative use of his commercial spirit within the drab walls of Shawshank by dealing in contraband and commodities rare to the boundaries of prison. Andys character and undeniable sense of hope causes Red to take a deeper look at himself, and the world around him. Andy proves to Red and the other inmates that he could thrill the conservative walls of Shawshank prison with music and at times with a hope to live and to drill a hole big enough to reach out as a freeman. Andy: I had  Mr. Mozart  to keep me company. [Points and taps his head.]  It was in here [Gestures over his heart]. That is the beauty of music. They cannot get that from you. Havent you ever felt that way about music? Red: Well, I played a mean harmonica as a younger man; Lost interest in it, though. Didnt make too much sense in here. Andy: No, here is where it makes the  most  sense. You need it so you do not forget. Red: Forget? Andy: That there are places in the world that arent made out of stone. They cannot get to something inside. They cannot touch. It is yours. Red: What are you talking about? Andy: Hope. The Shawshank Redemption. Dir. Frank Darabont. Wri. Stephen King, Prod. Niki Marvin.Columbia Pictures, 1994 While both Tim Robbins and Morgan Freeman shine as Andy and Red, respectively, the true display of acting lies within the plethora of remarkable supports from actors who easily disappear into their roles. James Whitmore, who portrays the elderly Brooks Hatlen, a man imprisoned for an unstated crime for so long that he finds himself attached to the Shawshank and the daily life he has lead. He finds it hard to manage with the outside world when set free from the prison. He commits suicide. Andy Red had a conversation over this Andy concluded. I guess it comes down to a simple choice. Get busy living or get busy dying. The Shawshank Redemption. Dir. Frank Darabont. Wri. Stephen King, Prod. Niki Marvin.Columbia Pictures, 1994 Andy had secret dream of getting away from the life of prison and he was continually gaining faith of the security men for almost 20 years with his financial tax saving tips along with the revival of Shawshank prison library. Nobody would have ever dreamt of what plans he carries on his mind. For 20 years, he kept digging a passage in his cell in night using a rock hammer and everything he did in those 20 years actually was a part of a long-term plan with the only objective of freedom. To live as a freeman was his right as he was innocent. He made his choice and lived up to it. Not only he planned things for him but also he did have a lot on his mind for his friend Mr. Red. Red has not been able to convince Rehabilitation officer of his innocence for last 20 years but after Andy proved his dreams to him. Red realized his abilities and been able to convince the officer with his mighty words. Rehabilitation Officer: Ellis Boyd Redding: your file says you have served 40 years of a life sentence. Do you feel you have been `rehabilitated? Red: `Rehabilitated? Well, now, let me see. You know, I do not have any idea what that means. Rehabilitation Officer: Well, it means that you are ready to rejoin society, to- Red: I know what you think it means, sonny. To me it is just a made-up word. A politicians word, so that young fellas like you can wear a suit and a tie and have a job. What do you really wanna know? Am I sorry for what I did? Rehabilitation Officer: Well, are you? Red: There is not a day goes by I do not feel regret. Not because I am in here; or because you think, I  should.  I look back on the way I was then: a young, stupid kid who committed that terrible crime. I want to talk to him. I want to try to talk some sense to him, tell him the way things are but I cannot. That kid is long gone and this old man is all that left. I have to live with that. `Rehabilitated? It is just a bullshit word. So go ahead and stamp your forms, sonny, and stop wasting my time. The Shawshank Redemption. Dir. Frank Darabont. Wri. Stephen King, Prod. Niki Marvin.Columbia Pictures, 1994 Part 3: Presentation of Analysis: An excellent piece of work by Mr. Frank Darabont, the proud director of a film with the name The Shawshank Redemption with a wonderful plot, a wonderful theme, the prominent music, visual script and acting. The Shawshank Redemption defines a genus, defies the odds, obliges the emotions, and brings an epoch of artistically high-ranking films.   To produce something of this scenery, a director must approach it in a most scrupulous manner, due to the delicacy of the process. Such an intimidating task requires an extremely capable artist with an indisputable managerial capacity and an acutely developed awareness of each element of art in the film to form a harmonious union, because this fusion determines the fate of the artists work. With work from vast display of talented scene designers, costume designers, composers, cinematographers, and various other Hollywood artists, the cast of The Shawshank Redemption had a muscular basis to work with. Anyone who trust his abilities and strongly desires to live his dreams and do have the courage to create an opportunity out of complex situations with the help of his skills win over the worst circumstances. The movie was a huge success as it got nomination for Oscars along with another 12 wins 13 nominations. In USA, the movie generated a gross income of $28,341,469.

Stoppards Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead and Vonneguts Slaughterhouse-Five :: comparison compare contrast essays

Stoppard's Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead and Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five That we, people, are "bugs in amber" is one of the main themes of Kurt Vonnegut's novel Slaughterhouse-Five; or Children's Crusade. Tom Stoppard's play Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead is, in my opinion, very similar to this book. While Slaugterhouse-Five is an American novel, a mixture of the author's Second World War experiences and science fiction genre, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead is a British play set into William Shakespeare's Hamlet. What are these two literary works similar in, then? It is the central theme. Both works show that we are physically stuck in this world, our future is already given, and we have no way of escaping our destiny. Both writers provide a little room for their character's imagination which is, in my opinion, crucial item of both literary works. In this paper I will try to use Kurt Vonnegut's novel to help me point out the major theme of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead and to explain and clarify the theme's meaning and main message. The main theme of Slaughterhouse-Five is expressed several times throughout the novel. One of the examples is the passage which shows (from the view of the Tralfamadorians -- alien beings) that the future is given and that one cannot change it. "All moments, past, present, and future, always have existed, always will exist. The Tralfamadorians can look at all the different moments just the way we can look at a stretch of the Rocky Mountains, for instance." (Vonnegut:27) Another passage of the novel describes the theme more directly. It is the part when the Tralfamadorians kidnap Billy Pilgrim and he asks "why?". "Have you ever seen bugs trapped in amber? Well, here we are, Mr. Pilgrim, trapped in the amber of this

Albert Bandera

Albert Bandura has made great contributions to the field of learning and cognition. His finding formed the foundation of modern social learning theory. Bandura studies were base on observational learning or modeling (2013). He believed that people learn by observing others, such behaviors, but not necessary by imitating or mimicking (2013) For example if you see a friend slipping on the wet floor, you would go around to prevent from slipping like your friend. Observing behavior is a form of information a person obtains, a process of learning to later recover when need it. It incorporates the basic principles of learning like attention, memory and motivation. Albert Bandura Bobo Doll experiment set principles on social learning. Through this experiment he observed 33 children, boys and girls. These children were then divided into 3 groups, each group watch a different ending of the video. The video was of a woman beating a Bobo Doll; she beat up the doll, threw it across the room, kicked it, and called it names. She was very aggressive towards the doll for no apparent reason. The first group watched a video that showed the person beating the doll receiving a reward after the behavior. Second group watched the person being punished for the behavior, and the third group watched the video with no consequences (2013). After watching the video the children were presented to a bobo doll just like the one in the video. All 33 children reacted aggressively towards the doll. The aggression varied on what video each children watched. The children that watched the person being rewarded were more aggressive; the aggression decrease with the children that watched the person being punished and aggression was neutral with those that watch the video with no consequence (2013). In conclusion to this study, Bandura explain the influence of observational learning. First is attention, in order for a person to learn he or she needs to pay attention, be focused (2013). If there is distraction the observational learning process will have a negative affect. For example a dancer learning a new step, while the dance master is howing a new step, Silvia notices her crush walk-in the dance room. Instead of paying attention to the new step, her attention is elsewhere. Second is retention, is the ability to store the information a person learns through observing, he or she obtains the information to later act on it (2013). Third, reproduction, which is the process of practicing on what the person learns from observing, likes performi ng the behavior. For example; after the dancer learns a new step by observing the dance master, she then practice the behavior, in this case is the new dancing step. Last is motivation, for a person to act the behavior learned after observing he or she has to be motivated. Reinforcements and punishments are actually important role in the process of motivation. For example, lets take Silva the dancer, she makes sure to learn the right steps to the dance routine because if she does the dance master will defiantly picker her to be at the show to perform the dance. Albert Bandera social learning theory has become popular in todays society, like entertainment, education, and especially in the media such as advertising. Bandura did not like how the media would use the observational learning theory because it was mostly used to show negative or violent behaviors that people would learn (2013). Fox example alcohol or cigarette companies use media to advertise their product. These companies use attractive models like role models that todays society look up to or are considered to be â€Å"cool†. Society watches these advertisements, they become amuse some act the behaviors, such as smoking or drinking because they think is the â€Å"cool† thing to do especially the youth. Albert Bandura theory brought great contribution to the psychology field, observational learning or modeling has very concepts process, but if you think about it is really just common sense. Observational learning or modeling would be use more for children because they have not yet developed right from wrong (2013). Is also away that a parent or just any adult can know how to act a certain way around children, because a child behavior always reflects his or her parent or role model.

Methods Used by Elementary Teachers in Managing Misbehavior in the Classroom Essay

Introduction In today’s society, teachers at all grade levels face a growing number of students whose behavior challenges the success of daily classroom instruction. Managing misbehavior in the classroom remains one of the persistent difficulties of teaching. Whether it is in the elementary or secondary and tertiary education, the management of the pupil’s conduct remains to be a vital part of the daily equation of effective teaching. A large part of everything students do in school is geared toward forming good habits and discipline falls right in line with this. Discipline is concerned with the development of internal behavior that enables the students to manage themselves. Every school is required by our government to maintain discipline and to issue disciplinary rules for strict compliance. They are designed to develop among students the highest standard of decency, morality and good behavior. If there’s no discipline early, there’ll likely be no discipline as an a dult, which affects job performance, family relations, among other aspects of a student’s life. The aim of discipline is to set limits restricting certain behaviors or attitudes that are seen as harmful or going against school policies, educational norms, school traditions, among others. Concrete, reasonable and fair discipline is the foundation of an effective and efficient institution. Fortunately, teachers usually are able to rely on these disciplinary rules and standard strategies for addressing classroom misbehavior, either independently or with the support of colleagues, and they are able to find a successful solution to the problem however these tactics may still fail to produce the desired outcome because of the varying degrees of differences in the attitude of teachers and students and other societal factors. While there have been gains in terms of school’s responses and significant programs and policies have already been made to lessen the occurrence of misbehaving, and improve the behavior of the students, such efforts have not been enough to cater to this rap idly growing number of cases. On the other hand, while these set of strategies are in place, enforcement remains weak. Challenges still remain in terms of translating these rules into concrete and doable actions that will address the underlying cause that bring about misbehavior in schools. It is therefore imperative to develop a stronger and comprehensive platform on treating this phenomenon that includes a wide  array of possible intervening factors, existing opportunities and limitations. Teachers must be able to work within school guidelines, connect with the students and communicate these difficulties with parents for effective teaching best takes place in a classroom with few disruptions for misbehavior. Moreover, the government, the school, the parents, and the children themselves should share responsibilities. This paper is therefore addressed to concerned professionals, agencies, and the public school administrators and teachers who are presently working hard in alignment towards eliminating the negative effects of misbehavior from public schools such as Catbalogan I Central Elementary Sch ool to other public and private institutions in the whole country. Statement of the Problem Nowadays, Filipino teachers face the spread of behavioral problems that threaten the educational system in most schools. These problems have direct influence on the learning process and the overall teaching/learning experience. Thus, more and more models of strategies are utilized by schools to combat the increasing problems. To deliberately rank the most effective means to overcome misbehavior on a more basic and intrinsic spectrum as vital and basic as public elementary schools, the study will explain and analyze the different strategies that have facilitated Catbalogan 1 Elementary School teachers in dealing with the misbehavior of Grade 5 and 6 students and how effective have they been in managing misbehavior in the classroom during the school year 2013-2014. Research Questions: 1. What are the general theories explaining the occurrence of misbehavior among children in general? * Why do students misbehave? * What are the indicators of misbehavior? * When and how could we assess if the student is already misbehaving? * Compare respondent’s approach to classroom management with Dreikurs’s approach and determine which of Dreikurs’s approaches were incorporated into the respondents’ approach. How do they incorporate them? * 2. What basic proper standards of behavior does the teacher implement in addition to the existing school behavior policies and programs in dealing with students misbehavior? 3. Which of these disciplinary methods, techniques and strategies is the most effective in the reduction and prevention of misbehavior of students in class? Thesis Statement The research intends to study the administration of discipline towards misbehavior cases in Grade 5 and 6 classes of Catbalogan 1 Central Elementary School. The study affirms that the management of existing policies and strategies used by the teachers in dealing with the problem of misbehavior still face greater challenge that it remains inadequate in the implementation because these rules and their consequences are not equally and consistently enforced. A comprehensive school behavior policy program is indispensable in meeting the needs of each school in curbing down misbehavior towards effective teaching and also in providing a positive learning experience for children. Hypotheses 1. The strategies that will be utilized greatly depend on the ability of the teachers to provide a comprehensive set of the proper standards of behavior or a behavior policy in the class. 2. Societal factors have a significant effect in properly addressing the issues of misbehavior in the classroom. 3. Teachers’ lack of awareness of the rules which requires their functions to discipline, safeguard and promote the welfare of the children has a negative effect on the behavior of the students. Student’s behavior on the other hand is directly affected by the teachers’ attitude towards them. Theoretical framework Effective teachers know that in order to truly help a student to change an inappropriate behavior, they have to get to the root causes and consider the core of the problem. When there is misbehavior, we have to stress out several external consequences of several interdependent conditions. Therefore, in order for us to identify, plan, and implement and compare the most effective strategies of intervention, it is necessary to define it in  the context of its different causes and structural features. The researcher through the examination of theories available in the literature will use the Social Discipline Model by the social psychologist, Rudolf Dreikurs. Dr. Rudolf Dreikurs, renowned educator, developed these four behavioral goals in the 1930s. He was a student and colleague of Alfred Adler, who believed that â€Å"all behavior has a purpose.† Dreikurs has written many articles and books on student behavior and much of his work can be purchased on the internet. His theories on behavior have had an enormous impact on the raising of children and classroom management models. His model is based on the four basic premises of Adler’s social theory which are: 1. Humans are social beings and their basic motivation is to belong 2. All behavior has a purpose 3. Humans are decision-making organisms 4. Humans only perceive reality and this perception may be mistaken or biased Dreikurs’ educational philosophy is â€Å"based on the philosophy of democracy, with its implied principle of human equality, and on the socio-teleological approach of the psychology of Alfred Adler. In this frame of reference, man is recognized as a social being, his actions as purposive and directed toward a goal, his personality as a unique and indivisible entity†. (Dreikurs,1968). A socio-teleological approach implies the existence of God, a higher purpose, and a natural order of things. Dreikurs believed it was possible to understand children’s misbehaviors by recognizing the four main purposes or goals of the child. The four goals of misbehavior are attention getting, the contest for power, seeking revenge, and displaying inadequacy. Dreikurs promoted the use of encouragement and logical (and natural) consequences rather than reward and punishment. Essentially, every action of the child is grounded in the idea that he is seeking his place in the group. A well-adjusted child will conform to the requirements of the group by making valuable contributions. A child who misbehaves, on the other hand, will defy the needs of the group situation in order to maintain social status. Whichever of the aforementioned goals he chooses to employ, the child believes that this is the only way he can function within the group dynamic successfully. Dreikurs states that â€Å"his goal may occasionally vary with the circumstances: he may act to attract attention at one moment, and assert his power or seek revenge at another† (Dreikurs, 1968, p.27). Regardless if the child is well-adjusted or is misbehaving, his main purpose will be social acceptance. The following are techniques that can be used to address the four goals of misbehavior Attention Getting Some students strive to be the center of attention. They do almost anything to be noticed from being argumentative to being funny. There is a lack of concern about following accepted procedure to gain recognition. Teachers and classmates find behavior by this student annoying and at times rude and unacceptable. The attention seekers may be disciplined for: disrespect, teasing, disturbing the class, being uncooperative, swearing, talking, being out of his seat, and making fun of others. Dreikurs said most students start misbehaving by seeking attention, and when this fails, they move on to more problematic goal-seeking behaviors, such as power. This is why it is important to find a thoughtful intervention in the first phase of misbehavior: attention seeking. (http://www.metu.edu.tr) Dreikurs believed that over 90% of all misbehavior is for attention. Technique towards attention Getting Behavior: 1. Minimize the Attention – Ignore the behavior, stand close by, write a note 2. Legitimize the Behavior – Create a lesson out of the behavior, have the class join in the behaviors 3. Do the Unexpected – Turn out the lights, play a musical instrument, talk to the wall 4. Distract the Student – Ask a question or a favor, change the activity 5. Recognize Appropriate Behavior – Thanks students, give a written note of congratulations 6. Move the Student – Ask the student to sit at another seat, send the student to a â€Å"thinking chair† Seeking Power and Control Wanting to be in charge or in control provides the motivation for some student misbehavior. Students with this agenda simply want their way. They don’t hesitate to take a stand on matters important to them and are often disruptive and confrontational in reaching their goal. The teacher may feel provoked, threatened or challenged by this student. The following reasons may be the basis for a referral to the office for a student who struggles for power: disobeying, disrespect, not cooperating, talking back and  disturbing the class. Often power-seeking students don’t act out until they’re assured of an audience. And from the teacher’s perspective, this is probably the worst possible time. 1. Make a Graceful Exit – Acknowledge student’s power, remove audience, table matter for later discussion, 2. Use a Time-Out 3. Apply the Consequence Seeking Revenge Lashing out or getting even is how some students compensate for real or imagined hurt feelings. The target of the revenge may be the teacher, other students, or both. Revenge may come in the form of a physical and/or psychological attack. Bullies often use revenge as their excuse for shoving or pushing, teasing, causing embarrassment and excluding others. Displaying Inadequacy Wanting to avoid repeated failure, some students appear to be discouraged and helpless. They falsely believe that they can’t live up to expectations, either their own or those of others. To compensate for this belief, they don’t attempt anything that might result in failure. They hope that others will forget about them and not hold them responsible for anything. These students may be disciplined for: not paying attention, not being prepared, being dishonest and wasting time. This phenomenon, decribed as â€Å"learned helplessness† by psychologists, is characteristic of students who fail needlessly because they do not invest their best efforts. 1. Modify Instructional Methods 2. Use Concrete Learning Materials and Computer-Enhanced Instruction 3. Teach One Step at a Time (or break instruction into smaller parts) 4. Provide Tutoring 5. Teach Positive Self-Talk and Speech 6. Teach that Mistakes are Okay 7. Build Student’s Confidence 8. Focus on Past Successes 9. Make Learning Tangible 10. Recognize Achievement No matter what the reason is for a student’s misbehavior, we are forced to respond. Some responses produce better results than others. Below is a list of both positive and negative responses by educators. Responses that usually get negative results include: 1. Reacting emotionally by being angry or making hollow threats 2. Handing out a punishment that is out of proportion to the offense 3. Reacting to misbehavior publicly 4. Reacting to a small incidence that often resolves itself 5. Making an accusation without the facts to back it up Responses that tend to get positive results include: 1. Describing the unacceptable behavior to the student 2. Pointing out how his behavior negatively impacts him and others 3. Talking with the students about what could have been a better behavior choice and why 4. Asking the student to write a goal that will help him improve his actions 5. Showing confidence in the student that his behavior goals are achievable 6. Positively reinforcing behavior that relates to student goals Dreikurs believes the best way to correct misbehavior is with logical consequences. For example, if a student doesn’t finish his homework, he stays after school to complete it. This helps the student make an association between the misbehavior and the consequences. The environmental-sociological-cultural are those theories that see the primary contributing factors to misbehavior from the immediate environment, society, or culture. Balanon also classified this model as the â€Å"environment factor† which includes physical, social, cultural and economic factors. This includes 1) environmental stress model, 2) social learning model 3) social-psychological and 4) psychosocial systems. (Rodriguez, 2006) The family systems approach by Peter Reder, Duncan Sylvia, and Gray Moira, which put significance in the relationship between family and others as relevant to the problem and analysis. It provided a framework that focuses in interpersonal, group, and institutional functioning. It is said that the concept of circularity in the systemic model emphasizes mutual influence between two or more people and the role and meaning that each person has for others must be modified and their relationship renegotiated. Family systems focus on patterns of interaction within families with particular emphasis on  communication and a psychological role adopted by family members and the view of casualty is circular involving family members. According to Rozsbaszky in Understanding the â€Å"Misbehavior† of Children Through the Theory and Research on Ego Development,(1980) , the theory of â€Å"ego development† by Jane Loevinger is a major theory of personality. According to the theory, it is a major determinant of personality characteristics in each individual whether child or adult is his or her level of ego development. Some personality characteristics are believed to be manifestations of an individual’s ego level. Personality characteristics may actually be markers or milestone traits for a particular ego level. As the child matures, he or she passes through the invariant sequence of stages of ego development, each greater cognitive and interpersonal complexity than the precedi ng stages. FIGURE 1 : Conceptual Framework of the Study Conceptual Framework Explained The figure shows a base frame which contains the respondents and the research environment which this study will be conducted. The respondents of this study are the Grade V and VI teachers of CAtbalogan I Elementary School. At the top of the base frame is a bigger frame which contains the variates as well as the process by which this study will be conducted. The study will determine the relationship shown by the double headed arrow connecting the two frames, between the Teacher’s Profile, Student’s Profile, Class Profile as to size and performance, Government Intervention, Support Groups, Family Values, Behavior of teachers towards students, behavior of students towards teachers other societal, psychological, economic, environment factors shown by the box at the right of the bigger frame, and the strategies and techniques of Grade V and VI teachers in dealing with misbehavior among students with existing school behavioral policy and legislation and programs on misbehavio r shown by the box at the left inside the bigger frame. The result of this study and the corresponding recommendations made, seen as the third frame, will serve as basis for the desired result shown in the uppermost broken lined sphere which is Positive Classromm Environment and successful and effective teaching and improved well-being of students. The desired effect depends on the independent variables which are strategies and  techniques used by Teacher-respondents, existing school behavioral policies and implementing laws regarding misbehavior. Effective implementation of these strategies and policies in schools with the cooperation and intervention of societal factors such as the family as the primary unit of society, next is the educational system, the variety of social networks, serves as important factors to attain an improved system on managing misbehavior in schools. However, this would also be measured among other intervening factors such as the profile of teachers, students and the class as to size and performance, government interventions, support groups, the values of the family of students, the behavior of teachers towards the class, the behavior of student towards teachers and other societal, psychological, economic, and environment setbacks. They include the complexity of social relationships with kin, neighbo rs, and friends, who may be sources of stress as well as support, and who may fail to reduce misbehavior even when they are trying to be emotionally supportive. Consequently above relationships of the boxes inside the bigger frame, a desired outcome is total awareness of Effective Methods towards Successful Management of Students’ Misbehavior in Catbalogan 1 thus will result to positive classroom environment and improved well being of the students. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The study is intended to study the occurrence of misbehavior among students, its causes and the many ways to lessen its occurrence through professional responses and strategies implemented. It also represents the active struggles of teachers in dealing with the problems of behavior towards their students. The researcher hopes that this study will serve school principals to identify the behavioral problems that faced teachers in the classroom, in order to find solutions to decrease the effect of these problems on the level of teacher participation and student achievement. It also serves the educational administrations specifically the Department of Education (DepEd) to make decision to face the classroom problems through teacher training programs and useful laws. They will also know whether a certain program has already attained certain objectives. To the teachers, it will serve as a useful guide in understanding the student’s attitude and the many causes of misbehavior. Consequently, they will gain insights on which of the several  strategies is the most effective in eradicating problems of behavior among students. They could also benefit from the study through expanding their ways of improving their methods by the recommendations brought about by this study. For the students, they will increase awareness of the need to follow the standards imposed by the teachers and adapt their behaviors accordingly to the standards of proper discipline. The school administrators will also benefit from the study through acquiring ideas thus being able to lobby for policy adjustments in order to improve the current behavior policy of the school. For future researchers, this will provide a thorough and comprehensive literature for them to be able to conduct similar studies and furthermore inspire the readers to do more studies of an all encompassing discipline such as teaching and the effects of a new framework in solving misbehavior and other academic problems wh ich are much challenging and worth experimenting. Scope and Limitations This study will determine the effective strategies used by Grade 5 and 6 Teachers of Catbalogan I Central Elementary Schools in dealing with the problem of misbehavior using the descriptive – cross sectional design approach. The respondents are the Grade 5 and 6 teachers in Catbalogan I Central Elementary School, Catbalogan City. Descriptive as well as inferential statistical tools will be used in this study. This research paper is consisted of 7 parts. The first part covered the overview, objectives of the study, the methodology, frameworks applicable and review of related literature. The next part assessed the complexity of misbehavior in the classroom and the root causes root causes and effects of misbehavior. The third part examined the existing conventional strategies, theories and practices management such as â€Å"Dreikurs’s approach, which are commonly used by a majority of schools in dealing with misbehavior in comparison torespondent’s approach in the classroom. The next chapter tackled on the set of policies and programs of the Catbalogan I central Elementary School and is subsequently followed by the chapter on the best strategies the respondents perceive to be the most effective. The next part  was delved on the analysis of findings by presentation of the date gathered from the questionnaires and relevant information from Catbalogan I Central Elementary School and finally followed by the summary of findings, conclusion and recommendation. DEFINITION OF TERMS For better understanding, the following terms are hereby defined conceptually and operationally. BEHAVIOR It is the way a person behaves or acts; conducts; manners. In this study behavior mostly refer to the perception, attitude and general feeling and well being of an individual DISCIPLINE It is imparting knowledge and skill, in other words to teach. Discipline is used by teachers or parents to teach their children about expectations, guidelines and principles. Children need to be given regular discipline to be taught right from wrong and to be maintained safe SCHOOL DISCIPLINE It is the system of rules, punishments, and behavioral strategies appropriate to the regulation of children or adolescents and the maintenance of order in schools. Its aim is to control the students’ actions and behavior MISBEHAVIOR Misbehavior is a deliberate action, contrary to adult rules when a child fully understands those rules, and has the capacity to obey them mentally, emotionally, and physically. (http://www.4cforkids.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/misbehavior_poster.pdf) SCHOOL BEHAVIORAL POLICY It is the general principles and standards of behavior expected of pupils at the school and how that standard will be achieved, the school rules, any disciplinary penalties for breaking the rules and rewards for good behavior. BEHAVIORAL STRATEGIES Strategies can help a teacher to manage behavior in a classroom